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Auricular style
The auricular style or lobate style (Dutch: Kwabstijl) is a style of ornamental decoration, mainly found in Northern Europe in the first half of the 17th century, bridging Northern Mannerism and the Baroque. The style was especially important and effective in silversmithing, but was also used in minor architectural ornamentation such as door and window reveals, and a wide variety of the decorative arts.〔Schroder, "(style ) in its fully developed form is found only in metalwork."〕 It uses softly flowing abstract shapes in relief, sometimes asymmetrical, whose resemblance to the side view of the human ear gives it its name, or at least its "undulating, slithery and boneless forms occasionally carry a suggestion of the inside of an ear or a conch shell".〔Osborne, 61〕 It is often associated with stylized marine animal forms, or ambiguous masks and shapes that might be such, which seem to emerge from the rippling, fluid background, as if the silver remained in its molten state.
==Metalwork==
Although precedents have been traced in the graphic designs of Italian Mannerist artists such as Giulio Romano and Enea Vico,〔Schroder, "... its origins seem to lie in the graphic designs of such 16th-century Italian Mannerist artists as Giulio Romano (e.g. drawing for a fish-shaped ewer; Oxford, Christ Church) and Enea Vico. The latter’s designs for plate were published in the mid-16th century and may have been known in Utrecht."〕 the auricular style can first be found in 1598 in the important ornament book of Northern Mannerism, ''Architectura: Von Außtheilung, Symmetria und Proportion der Fünff Seulen ...'', by Wendel Dietterlin of Stuttgart, in the second edition of 1598. It can be found in the designs of Hans Vredeman de Vries in the Netherlands, and was used most effectively in the hands of the Utrecht silversmiths Paul and Adam van Vianen, and Paul's pupil Johannes Lutma, who settled in Amsterdam. Another Dutch silversmith who worked in the auricular style was Thomas Bogaert. At mid-century, designs for plate by M. Mosyn were published in Amsterdam.〔A ewer is illustrated in John Fleming and Hugh Honour, ''Dictionary of the Decorative Arts'', ''s.v.'' "Auricular style".〕 Christian van Vianen, a son of Adam, worked in England at the courts of Charles I and Charles II, and took the style there.〔Osborne, 61〕 A bratina or Russian toasting-cup in the Walters Art Museum was made in Russia in 1650-70 in an auricular style that was presumably copied from pieces brought in by Dutch traders, perhaps as gifts to ease trade deals.〔(Walters page on the object )〕
In metalwork, the style was in harmony with the malleable nature of the material, often giving the impression that the object is beginning to melt. It contrasted strongly with the preceding Mannerist style of crowded figurative scenes, as for example in the Lomellini Ewer and Basin of 1620–21, although some works managed to combine the two styles, as in a silver-gilt ewer and basin of 1630, made in Delft and now in Utrecht,〔Liedtke (2001), no. 146 (1630); Schroder〕 with auricular elements replacing strapwork.
Most of the key works are in the Netherlands, especially the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, whose collection includes a gilded ewer by Adam van Vianen (1614), and ewer and basin sets by Paul van Vianen (1613, with Diana and Callisto) and Johannes Lutma (1647).〔Schroder lists a number; Rijksmuseum pages: (Adam van Vianen 1614 ), (Paulus van Vianen 1613 ), (Lutma 1647 )〕 The Adam van Vianen ewer is "a strikingly original work that is largely abstract and completely sculptural in its conception", and was commissioned by the Amsterdam goldsmiths' guild to commemorate the death of Paul, despite neither brother living in Amsterdam or being a member of the guild.〔Schroder in Oxford Art Online, "Adam van Vianen"〕 The piece became famous and appears in several Dutch Golden Age paintings, both still lifes and history paintings, "no doubt in part because its bizarre form allowed it to pass as an object from an ancient and foreign land", and so useful for Old Testament scenes and the like.〔Liedtke (2007), 186-188, giving examples including ''Joseph and his brothers'' (this is the Warsaw version) by Gerbrand van den Eeckhout.〕 It was raised by a lengthy process of chasing from a single sheet of silver, and chasing was the main technique used in auricular silver.〔Schroder in Oxford Art Online, "Adam van Vianen"〕 The "Dolphin Basin", which presumably once had a matching ewer, is an asymmetric form with watery motifs by Christian van Vianen (1635), now in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.〔(The Dolphin Basin ) by Christian van Vianen, Victoria and Albert Museum〕
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